n December 2022, nations worldwide committed to a new set of goals for biodiversity conservation. In the 15th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity they agreed to a Global Biodiversity Framework that lays out ambitious goals and targets. Importantly, for the first time, the framework specifies biodiversity monitoring to support achieving these goals, setting up a more critical role than ever for relevant science to contribute to the success of the overall ambition. This course addresses the science for measuring progress and providing decision-support for meeting these commitments. Following an initial assessment of framework language, we evaluate for each of the goals and targets that address biodiversity threats the required evidence to support a robust and representative measurement at global scale. We discuss key scientific papers addressing the concepts, methods, and evidence supporting these measurements for ecosystems and species. We then critically evaluate how currently available data, methods, and tools can support the monitoring envisioned by the framework. We closely review the opportunities enabled by remote sensing and the new generation of model-supported indicators of biodiversity change they support. Finally, we discuss the potential of several new or emerging technologies and approaches such as camera traps, GPS tracking, community science, machine learning, and others to offer an improved foundation for monitoring planetary biodiversity change.